Basic Statistics for United States Imperialism

by Cecil

24 November 2002

Contents

1. list of interventions for “regime change”
2. list of air warfare campaigns
3. list of client states
4. list of states held by debt-leverage imperialism
5. list of foreign base hosts
6. list of murder toll
7. list of unsavory rightists supported
8. list of perverted international bodies
9. list of interventions for opposing liberation
10. list of interventions pre-1941
11. list of covert operations
12. list of front organizations
13. list of low intensity conflicts
14. list of proxy wars
15. list of foreign policy doctrines
16. list of propaganda campaigns
17. Bibliography
18. Useful Periodicals
19. Relevant Hyperlinks

1. Chronological list of interventions

with the purpose of effecting “regime change,” attempted or materially supported by the United States – whether primarily by means of overt force (OF), covert operation (CO), or subverted election (SE):

1. OF and SE imply, necessarily, prior and continuing CO.
2. OF = directly applied state terrorism by the United States repressive apparatus i.e. the Departments of War/Defense, Energy, Treasury, and State. N.B. the formation of the National Security Council (1947) and the Office of Homeland Security (2002).
3. CO = reconnaissance, classical coups d'etat, legal harassment, disinformation (through media, legal, NGO, student, labor, and other front groups), bribery, sabotage, assassination, proxy warfare, running ratlines for fascist émigré groups, and assorted other clandestine activities.
4. SE = a particular species of CO, comparatively non-violent, high plausible deniability, usually involves dumping tons of cash and campaign technologies into the hands of rightist groups during elections, sowing discord in leftist parties, buying up media space in order to destabilize electorates, tampering directly with ballot results, and hiring jackboots to actively threaten and brutalize voters in the last resort. N.B. many subverted elections are preceded by lengthy terror campaigns (e.g. Nicaragua, El Salvador, Yugoslavia, etc).

It should go without saying that the following entries are simplified; only the major “payoff” year is listed, where applicable. Most attempted overthrows were preceded by lengthy preparations – vast right wing conspiracies, indeed.

N.B. that this list remains under construction; new data will be added in the next installment.

Date	Place	Head of targeted state/ candidate in subverted election	Political affiliation	Outcome	Means
1893	Hawaii	Liliuokalani	monarchist	success	OF
1912	China	Piyu	monarchist	success	OF
1918	Panama	Arias	center-right	success	SE
1919	Hungary	Kun	communist	success	CO
1920	USSR	Lenin	communist	failure	OF
1924	Honduras	Carias	nationalist	success	SE
1934	United States	Roosevelt	liberal	failure	CO
1945	Japan	Higashikuni	rightist	success	OF
1946	Thailand	Pridi	conservative	success	CO
1946	Argentina	Peron	military/ centrist	failure	SE
1947	France	*	communist	success	SE
1947	Philippines	*	center-left	success	SE
1947	Romania	Gheorghiu-Dej	stalinist	failure	CO
1948	Italy	*	communist	success	SE
1948	Colombia	Gaitan	populist/ leftist	success	SE
1948	Peru	Bustamante	left/ centrist	success	CO
1949	Syria	Kuwatli	neutralist/ Pan-Arabist	success	CO
1949	China	Mao	communist	failure	CO
1950	Albania	Hoxha	communist	failure	CO
1951	Bolivia	Paz	center/ neutralist	success	CO
1951	DPRK	Kim	stalinist	failure	OF
1951	Poland	Cyrankiewicz	stalinist	failure	CO
1951	Thailand	Phibun	conservative	success	CO
1952	Egypt	Farouk	monarchist	success	CO
1952	Cuba	Prio	reform/ populist	success	CO
1952	Lebanon	*	left/ populist	success:	SE
1953	British Guyana	*	left/ populist	success	CO
1953	Iran	Mossadegh	liberal nationalist	success	CO
1953	Costa Rica	Figueres	reform liberal	failure	CO
1953	Philippines	*	center-left	success	SE
1954	Guatemala	Arbenz	liberal nationalist	success	OF
1955	Costa Rica	Figueres	reform liberal	failure	CO
1955	India	Nehru	neutralist/ socialist	failure	CO
1955	Argentina	Peron	military/ centrist	success	CO
1955	China	Zhou	communist	failure	CO
1955	Vietnam	Ho	communist	success	SE
1956	Hungary	Hegedus	communist	success	CO
1957	Egypt	Nasser	military/ nationalist	failure	CO
1957	Haiti	Sylvain	left/ populist	success	CO
1957	Syria	Kuwatli	neutralist/ Pan-Arabist	failure	CO
1958	Japan	*	left-center	success	SE
1958	Chile	*	leftists	success	SE
1958	Iraq	Feisal	monarchist	success	CO
1958	Laos	Phouma	nationalist	success	CO
1958	Sudan	Sovereignty Council	nationalist	success	CO
1958	Lebanon	*	leftist	success	SE
1958	Syria	Kuwatli	neutralist/ Pan-Arabist	failure	CO
1958	Indonesia	Sukarno	militarist/ neutralist	failure	SE
1959	Laos	Phouma	nationalist	success	CO
1959	Nepal	*	left-centrist	success	SE
1959	Cambodia	Sihanouk	moderate/ neutralist	failure	CO
1960	Ecuador	Ponce	left/ populist	success	CO
1960	Laos	Phouma	nationalist	success	CO
1960	Iraq	Qassem	rightist / militarist	failure	CO
1960	S. Korea	Syngman	rightist	success	CO
1960	Turkey	Menderes	liberal	success	CO
1961	Haiti	Duvalier	rightist/ militarist	success	CO
1961	Cuba	Castro	communist	failure	CO
1961	Congo	Lumumba	leftist/ pan-Africanist	success	CO
1961	Dominican Republic	Trujillo	rightwing/ military	success	CO
1962	Brazil	Goulart	liberal/ neutralist	failure	SE
1962	Dominican Republic	*	left/ populist	success	SE
1962	Indonesia	Sukarno	militarist/ neutralist	failure	CO
1963	Dominican Republic	Bosch	social democrat	success	CO
1963	Honduras	Montes	left/ populist	success	CO
1963	Iraq	Qassem	militarist/ rightist	success	CO
1963	S. Vietnam	Diem	rightist	success	CO
1963	Cambodia	Sihanouk	moderate/ neutralist	failure	CO
1963	Guatemala	Ygidoras	rightist/ reform	success	CO
1963	Ecuador	Velasco	reform militarist	success	CO
1963	United States	Kennedy	liberal	success	CO
1964	Guyana	Jagan	populist/ reformist	success	CO
1964	Bolivia	Paz	centrist/ neutralist	success	CO
1964	Brazil	Goulart	liberal/ neutralist	success	CO
1964	Chile	Allende	social democrat/ marxist	success	SE
1965	Indonesia	Sukarno	militarist/ neutralist	success	CO
1966	Ghana	Nkrumah	leftist/ pan-Africanist	success	CO
1966	Bolivia	*	leftist	success	SE
1966	France	de Gaulle	centrist	failure	CO
1967	Greece	Papandreou	social democrat	success	CO
1968	Iraq	Arif	rightist	success	CO
1969	Panama	Torrijos	military/ reform populist	failure	CO
1969	Libya	Idris	monarchist	success	CO
1970	Bolivia	Ovando	reform nationalist	success	CO
1970	Cambodia	Sihanouk	moderate/ neutralist	success	CO
1970	Chile	Allende	social democrat/ Marxist	failure	SE
1971	Bolivia	Torres	nationalist/ neutralist	success	CO
1971	Costa Rica	Figueres	reform liberal	failure	CO
1971	Liberia	Tubman	rightist	success	CO
1971	Turkey	Demirel	center-right	success	CO
1971	Uruguay	Frente Amplio	leftist	success	SE
1972	El Salvador	*	leftist	success	SE
1972	Australia	Whitlam	liberal/ labor	failure	SE
1973	Chile	Allende	social democrat/ Marxist	success	CO
1974	United States	Nixon	centrist	success	CO
1975	Australia	Whitlam	liberal/ labor	success	CO
1975	Congo	Mobutu	military/ rightist	failure	CO
1975	Bangladesh	Mujib	nationalist	success	CO
1976	Jamaica	Manley	social democrat	failure	SE
1976	Portugal	JNS	military/ leftist	success	SE
1976	Nigeria	Mohammed	military/ nationalist	success	CO
1976	Thailand	*	rightist	success	CO
1976	Uruguay	Bordaberry	center-right	success	CO
1977	Pakistan	Bhutto	center/ nationalist	success	CO
1978	Dominican Republic	Balaguer	center	success	SE
1979	S. Korea	Park	rightist	success	CO
1979	Nicaragua	Sandinistas	leftist	failure	CO
1980	Bolivia	Siles	centrist/ reform	success	CO
1980	Iran	Khomeini	Islamic nationalist	failure	CO
1980	Italy	*	leftist	success	SE
1980	Liberia	Tolbert	rightist	success	CO
1980	Jamaica	Manley	social democrat	success	SE
1980	Dominica	Seraphin	leftist	success	SE
1980	Turkey	Demirel	center-right	success	CO
1981	Seychelles	René	socialist	failure	CO
1981	Spain	Suarez	rightist/ neutralist	failure	CO
1981	Panama	Torrijos	military/ reform populist	success	CO
1981	Zambia	Kaunda	reform nationalist	failure	CO
1982	Mauritius	*	center-left	failure	SE
1982	Spain	Suarez	rightist/ neutralist	success	SE
1982	Iran	Khomeini	Islamic nationalist	failure	CO
1982	Chad	Oueddei	Islamic nationalist	success	CO
1983	Mozambique	Machel	socialist	failure	CO
1983	Grenada	Bishop	socialist	success	OF
1984	Panama	*	reform/ centrist	success	SE
1984	Nicaragua	Sandinistas	leftist	failure	SE
1984	Surinam	Bouterse	left/ reformist/ neutralist	success	CO
1984	India	Gandhi	nationalist	success	CO
1986	Libya	Qaddafi	Islamic nationalist	failure	OF
1987	Fiji	Bavrada	liberal	: success	CO
1989	Panama	Noriega	military/ reform populist	success	OF
1990	Haiti	Aristide	liberal reform	failure	SE
1990	Nicaragua	Ortega	Christian socialist	success	SE
1991	Albania	Alia	communist	success	SE
1991	Haiti	Aristide	liberal reform	success	CO
1991	Iraq	Hussein	military/ rightist	failure	OF
1991	Bulgaria	BSP	communist	success	SE
1992	Afghanistan	Najibullah	communist	success	CO
1993	Somalia	Aidid	right/ militarist	failure	OF
1993	Cambodia	Han Sen/ CPP	leftist	failure	SE
1993	Burundi	Ndadaye	conservative	success	CO
1994	El Salvador	*	leftist	success	SE
1994	Rwanda	Habyarimana	conservative	success	CO
1994	Ukraine	Kravchuk	center-left	success	SE
1996	Bosnia	Karadzic	centrist	success	CO
1996	Russia	Zyuganov	communist	success	SE
1996	Congo	Mobutu	military/ rightist	success	CO
1996	Mongolia	*	center-left	success	SE
1998	Congo	Kabila	rightist/ military	success	CO
1998	United States	Clinton	conservative	failure	CO
1998	Indonesia	Suharto	military/ rightist	success	CO
1999	Yugoslavia	Milosevic	left/ nationalist	success	SE
2000	United States	Gore	conservative	success	SE
2000	Ecuador	NSC	leftist	success:	CO
2001	Afghanistan	Omar	rightist/ Islamist	success	OF
2001	Belarus	Lukashenko	leftist	failure	SE
2001	Nicaragua	Ortega	Christian socialist	success	SE
2001	Nepal	Birendra	nationalist/ monarchist	success	CO
2002	Venezuela	Chavez	reform-populist	failure	CO
2002	Bolivia	Morales	leftist/ MAS	success	SE
2002	Brazil	Lula	center-left	failure	SE
Notes: The * indicates that I'm not clever enough to have found the absent data yet. Apologies. “Neutralist” refers to a given regime's desire to avoid taking sides with either power bloc in the cold war. It should be readily apparent that such is an unforgivable sin against the foreign policy establishment in the United States. “Nationalist” refers to a given regime's desire to nationalize foreign-owned means of production within its national boundaries. It should be readily apparent that such is an unforgivable sin against the foreign policy establishment in the United States.

We should keep in mind that the goals of the imperialist in each of these instances are multiple: acquisition of access to local “markets” of all varieties; imposition of neoliberal policy; destruction of any potential alternative to the techno-fascist ruling order; provision of incentive for a sprawling parasitical and parastatal medical-intelligence-military-industrial complex (MIMIC); production of official “villains” for propaganda purposes; intimidation of non-combatants (as in the year 1945), and continuing political hegemony of the transnational elite based in DC.

2. Chronological list of US air warfare campaigns

3. Chronological list of US client states [under construction]

PLUS all of Latin America (sans Mexico, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Cuba 1964-1990); a legion of others.

4. Chronological list of states held in the manacles of debt-leverage imperialism

N.B. these states are held in the thralldom of “odious debt” imposed upon them by (typically) quasi-fascistic regimes who 1) often enough were empowered via United States state terrorism and 2) accepted the terms of United States dominated Bretton Woods restructuring programs. 

Many countries found themselves in dire monetary and fiscal straits in the early 1980s – after the Nixon shocks, the various oil embargoes, and the Volcker interest rate hikes. At this time of the debt crisis, the IMF and World Bank became “lenders of last resort” for regimes unable to meet balance of payments obligations to imperialist-controlled banks – but such lending comes with a cost: dismantle any and all policies that don't adhere to the mystical mantras of neoliberalism (ie such policies as protectionism, capital regulation, state industry, wage control, labor and environmental regulation, resistance to currency devaluation, autochthonous/non-export production, etc had to go); such is the nature of the structural adjustment program (SAP). 

Note further that these policies were the Reaganites' answer to the “Crisis of Democracy” (as defined by the geniuses in the Trilateral Commission) that was occurring on a global scale and to the relative loss of US geopolitical power in the late 1970s. In order to disrupt the G-77, UNCTAD, and other international movements modeled on the success of OPEC, the debt crisis and its neoliberal response were engineered for the sake of ushering in a new world order of managed friggin' chaos. It is good to recall that a number of countries that have refused SAP have been attacked (e.g., Serbia) and/or destabilized (e.g., Belarus). It is also prudent to realize that many an “ethnic,” “religious,” or otherwise vaguely described “civil” war has been caused directly by SAP (e.g., Somalia, Yugoslavia).

Moreover note that the meaning of “debt crisis” is that subjugated nations that were unable to meet balance of payments obligations to imperialist-controlled banks threatened the survival of such banks, and thus this privately held debt was transferred to public institutions, thereby socializing risk while insuring the sanctity of corporate profit. (I.e., “crisis” does not here refer to those horrors being inflicted on subjugated peoples.)

Year of initial SAP implementation	Nations
1980	Jamaica
1981	Brazil; Mauritius; Uganda
1982	Mexico; Ecuador; Bangladesh; Central African Republic; Argentina; Tanzania
1983	Chile; Ghana; Kenya; Malawi; Niger; Somalia
1984	Congo/Zaire; Mauritania; Senegal
1985	Bolivia; Botswana; Costa Rica; Gambia; Guinea; Sao Tome
1986	Madagascar; Nigeria; Philippines; Sierra Leone; Tunisia
1987	Zambia; Algeria; Guinea-Bissau; Mozambique; Sudan; Yugoslavia
1988	Equatorial Guinea; Guyana; Hungary; Pakistan; Sri Lanka
1989	Cameroon; El Salvador; Jordan; Lesotho; Trinidad; Venezuela; Congo (RC); Togo
1990	Colombia; Czech Republic; Nicaragua; Peru; Rwanda
1991	Angola; Burkina Faso; Cote d'Ivoire; Egypt; Ethiopia; India; Romania; Zimbabwe
1992	Latvia; Reunion; Ukraine; Belarus; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Armenia; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Moldova
1993	Benin; Gabon; Russia; S. Africa; Surinam
1994	Eritrea; Cambodia; Haiti; Mali
1995	Seychelles; Swaziland; Tajikistan
1996	Bosnia-Herzegovina; Comoros; Uruguay
1997	Bulgaria; Djibouti; Indonesia
1998	Mongolia; Paraguay; S. Korea; Thailand; Yemen
1999	Kosovo

5. Rough chronological list of foreign territories “hosting” US military installations

The range of years for each group attempts to indicate when the country in question first began its role as “host” for US military facilities. N.B. I'm still corroborating these. [under construction]

“Mahan Doctrine” group	1898-1904	Guam; Puerto Rico; Philippines; Cuba; Hawaii, Panama
“Monroe Doctrine-Crisis of Capital” group	1905-1935	Antarctica; Azores; Galapagos; Haiti; Liberia; Nicaragua; Samoa
“Welt Krieg” group	1939-1953	Antigua; Australia; Bahamas; Belgium; Bermuda; British Guiana; Burma; Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Iceland; Indonesia; Iran; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Johnston Atoll; Korea; Marshall Islands; Midway Islands; Morocco; Netherlands; Newfoundland; New Zealand; Okinawa; Portugal; Spain; St. Lucia; Taiwan; Thailand; Trinidad; Turkey; United Kingdom; Vietnam
“Post-Monroe Doctrine-War on Drugs/Depopulation” group	1954-2002	Aruba, Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; DRC; Ecuador; El Salvador; Ghana; Guatemala; Honduras; Ivory Coast; Nigeria; Peru; Rwanda; Senegal
“Carter Doctrine” group	1978-1981	Bahrain; Diego Garcia; Egypt; Israel; Kenya; Oman; Somalia
“New World Order-Persian Gulf” group	1990-1991	Kuwait; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; UAE; Yemen
“New World Order-Balkans” group	1991-2001	Albania; Bosnia; Croatia; Hungary; Kosovo; Macedonia
“Afghanistan War/Caspian Basin” group	2000-2002	Afghanistan; Azerbaijan; Georgia; India; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Pakistan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan

6. Chronological list of US murder toll [under construction]

The murder toll has been achieved by either direct violence (e.g. the firebombing and nuking of Japan or the firebombing of Dresden) or indirect/proxy “low intensity conflict” (e.g. Rwanda in the 90s or Nicaragua in the 80s). (I have not here accounted for the deaths attributable to SAP.) Some extremely conservative estimates –

Native Americans	1776-2002	4,000,000
West Africans	1776-1865	4,000,000
Philippines	1898-1904	600,000
Germany	1945	200,000
Japan	1945	900,000
China	1945-60	200,000
Greece	1947-49	100,000
Korea	1951-53	2,000,000
Guatemala	1954-2002	300,000
Vietnam	1960-75	2,000,000
Laos	1965-73	500,000
Cambodia	1969-75	1,000,000
Indonesia	1965	500,000
Colombia	1966-2002	500,000
Oman	1970	10,000
Bangladesh	1971	2,000,000
Uganda	1971-1979	200,000
Chile	1973-1990	20,000
East Timor	1975	200,000
Angola	1975-2002	1,500,000
Argentina	1976-1979	30,000
Afghanistan	1978-2002	1,000,000
El Salvador	1980-95	100,000
Nicaragua	1980-90	100,000
Mozambique	1981-1988	1,000,000
Turkey	1984-2002	50,000
Rwanda	1990-1996	1,000,000
Iraq	1991-2002	1,000,000
Somalia	1991-1994	300,000
Yugoslavia	1991-2002	300,000
Liberia	1992-2002	150,000
Burundi	1993-1999	200,000
Sudan	1998	100,000
Congo	1998-2002	3,000,000
Total	1776-2002	29,060,000

We should also take note that the United States bears more than superficial responsibility for the Nazi Holocaust: e.g., the turning away of Jewish, Romani, and other refugees; funding the concentration camp system; underwriting the Third Reich's military; delay in opening a western front; policies of appeasement before the war; siding with the fascists during the Spanish Civil War; turning down Stalin's offer to attack Germany jointly in 1938; providing theoretical inspiration for lebensraum, final solutions, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, etc; rebuilding Germany after the war with the fascist infrastructure still intact; saving war criminals; general ideological support; and so forth.

7. Alphabetical list of rightwing dictators, reactionary movements, and other reprehensible figures empowered/materially supported by the US [under construction]

It seems as though the number one criterion for getting a job as the head of a client state is a willingness to butcher leftists. Indeed, the use of unsavory rightists by the United States began neither with the anti-Castro Cuban émigré community, nor with the Afghan mujaheddin alumni, oh Nelly no!

[the dates provided are sloppily done, I concede. At times, they are just the general duration of the given regime (e.g., Selassie). Most others are the duration of US support while the regime lasted (e.g., Hitler, Saddam Hussein, etc.)]

Abacha, Sani	Nigeria	1993-2000
Afwerki, Isaias	Eritrea	1993-2002
Amin, Idi	Uganda	1971-1979
Arévalo, Marco	Guatemala	1985-1991
Bakr, Ahmad	Iraq	1968-1979
Banzer Suarez, Hugo	Bolivia	1971-1978
Bao Dai	Vietnam	1949-1955
Barak, Ehud	Israel	1999-2001
Barre, Siad	Somalia	1979-1991
Batista, Fulgencio	Cuba	1940-44/1952-1959
Begin, Menachem	Israel	1977-1983
Ben-Gurion, David	Israel	1948-1953, 1955-1963
Betancourt Bello, Rumulo	Venezuela	1959-1964
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel	Central African Republic	1966-1976
Bolkiah, Sir Hassanal	Brunei	1984-2002
Botha, P.W.	South Africa	1978-1989
Branco, Humberto	Brazil	1964-1966
Carmona, Pedro	Venezuela	2002
Cedras, Raoul	Haiti	1991
Chamoun, Camille	Lebanon	1952-1958
Chiang Kai-shek	China Taiwan	1928-1949 1949-1975
Christiani, Alfredo	El Salvador	1989-1994
Chun Doo Hwan	S. Korea	1980-1988
Cordova, Roberto	Honduras	1981-1985
Diaz, Porfirio	Mexico	1876-1911
Diem, Ngo Dinh	S. Vietnam	1955-1963
Doe, Samuel	Liberia	1980-90
Duvalier, Francois	Haiti	1957-1971
Duvalier, Jean Claude	Haiti	1971-1986
Eshkol, Levi	Israel	1963-1969
Fahd bin'Abdul-'Aziz	Saudi Arabia	1969-2002
Feisal, King	Iraq	1939-1958
Franco, Francisco	Spain	1937-1975
Fujimori, Alberto	Peru	1990-2002
Habre, Hissen	Chad	1982-1990
Hassan II	Morocco	1961-1999
Hitler, Adolf	Germany	1933-1939
Hussein, King	Jordan	1952-1999
Hussein, Saddam	Iraq	1979-1990
Kabila, Laurent	CDR	1997-1998
Karzai, Hamid	Afghanistan	2001-2002
Khan, Ayub	Pakistan	1958-1969
Koirala, B.	Nepal	1959-1960
Lon Nol	Cambodia	1970-1975
Marcos, Ferdinand	Philippines	1965-1986
Martinez, Maximiliano	El Salvador	1931-1944
Meir, Golda	Israel	1969-1974
Meles Zenawi	Ethiopia	1995-2002
Mobutu Sese Seko	Zaire	1965-1997
Moi, Daniel	Kenya	1978-2002
Montt, Efrain	Guatemala	1982-1983
Mubarak, Hosni	Egypt	1981-2002
Museveni, Yoweri	Uganda	1986-2002
Musharaf, Pervez	Pakistan	1999-2002
Mussolini, Benito	Italy	1922-1939
Netanyahu, Benjamin	Israel	1996-1999
Noriega, Manuel	Panama	1983-1989
Odria, Manuel	Peru	1948-1956
Omar, Mohamed	Afghanistan	1996-2001
Ozal, Turgut	Turkey	1989-1993
Pahlevi , Rezi	Iran	1953-1979
Papadopoulos, George	Greece	1967-1973
Park Chung Hee	S. Korea	1960-1979
Pastrana, Andres	Colombia	1998-2002
Peres, Shimon	Israel	1977, 1984-1986, 1995-1996
Perez Jimenez, Marcos	Venezuela	1952-58
Pinilla, Gustavo	Colombia	1953-1957
Pinochet, Augusto	Chile	1973-1990
Pol Pot	Cambodia	1975-1998
al-Qaddafi, Muammar	Libya	1969-1971
Rabin, Yitzhak	Israel	1974-1977, 1992-1995
Rabuka, Sitiveni	Fiji	1987, 1992-1999
Al Sadat, Anwar	Egypt	1970-1981
Selassie, Halie	Ethiopia	1941-1974
Salazar, Antonio	Portugal	1932-1968
Saud, Abdul Aziz	Saudi Arabia	1944-1969
Seaga, Edward	Jamaica	1980-1989
Shamir, Yitzhak	Israel	1983-1984; 1986-1992
Sharett, Moshe	Israel	1953-1955
Sharon, Ariel	Israel	2001-2002
Smith, Ian	Rhodesia	1965-1979
Somoza Sr., Anastasio	Nicaragua	1936-1956
Somoza Jr., Anastasio	Nicaragua	1963-1979
Stroessner, Alfredo	Paraguay	1954-1989
Suharto, General	Indonesia	1966-1999
Syngman Rhee	S. Korea	1948-1960
Tolbert, William	Liberia	1971-1980
Trujillo, Rafael	Dominican Republic	1930-1960
Tubman, William	Liberia	1944-1971
Uribe, Alvaro	Colombia	2002
Videla, Jorge	Argentina	1976-1981
Yeltsin, Boris	Russia	1991-1999
Zaim, Hosni	Syria	1949
Zia Ul-Haq, Mohammed	Pakistan	1977-1988

Other nasty nasties: RPF (contra French client Rwanda); SPLA contra Islamist Sudan, (a French client); clients in Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Coast, Togo and Benin, after subverted elections (contra French proxies); AFDL (Kabila); Dalai Lama (Tibet); bin Laden's al Qaida; Savimbi's UNITA Nazi war criminals and collaborators knowingly rescued in the years after WW2 by US intelligence for use as covert assets against the USSR:  R. Gehlen; O. Skorzeny; A. Brunner; O. von Bolschwing; W. von Braun; M. Lebed; A. Vlasov; I. Docheff; K. Dragonovich; I. Bogolepov; C. Bolydreff; A. Berzins; H. Herwarth; K. Barbie; I. Demjanjuk; W. Dornberger; V. Hazners; B. Maikovskis; E. Laipenieks; N. Nazarenko; L. Pasztor; R. Ostrowsky; L. Kairys; P. Shandruk; T. Soobzokov; S. Stankievich; and literally thousands of others.

8. List of “international” bodies designed/employed/perverted by the United States [under construction]

• UN/ OECD/ WHO
• G8/IMF/WB/WTO/NAFTA/MAI/FTAA/Colombo Plan
• NATO/SEATO/CTO/ANZUS/OAS

9. Chronological list of interventions by the United States

with the purpose of opposing (or aiding opposition to) popular resistance movements – whether by means of overt force (OF) or covert operation (CO):

 

Date	Place	Targeted movement	Outcome	Means
1776-1865	United States	numerous slave rebellions	success	OF
1782-1787	United States	Wyoming Valley	success	OF
1786-1787	United States	Shay's Rebellion	success	OF
1790-1795	United States	Ohio Valley tribes	success	OF
1794-1794	United States	Whiskey Rebellion	success	OF
1798-1800	United States	Alien & Sedition trials	success	CO
1799-1799	United States	Fries' Rebellion	success	OF
1805-1806	United States	Boston union “conspiracy”	success	CO
1806-1807	United States	Burr's Insurrection	success	OF
1810-1821	Spanish Florida	Africans, Natives, etc	success	OF
1811-1811	United States	Tecumseh's Confederacy	success	OF
1813-1814	United States	Creeks	success	OF
1822-1822	United States	Vesey's Rebellion	success	CO
1823-1824	United States	Arikara	success	OF
1826-1827	United States	Philadelphia union “conspiracy”	success	CO
1827-1827	United States	Fever River & Winnebago	success	OF
1831-1831	United States	Turner's rebellion	success	OF
1831-1831	United States	Sac & Fox	success	OF
1832-1832	United States	Black Hawks	success	OF
1833-1834	Argentina	rebellion	success	OF
1835-1835	United States	Murrel's Uprising	success	CO
1835-1836	Peru	rebellion	success	OF
1835-1842	United States	Seminoles	success	OF
1836-1837	United States	Sabine, Osage	success	OF
1836-1844	Mexico	anti-Texans, Natives, etc	success	OF
1837-1838	United States	massive strikes	success	OF
1838-1839	United States	Mormons	success	OF
1842-1842	United States	Dorr's Rebellion	success	OF
1847-1855	United States	Cayuse	success	OF
1850-1851	United States	Mariposa tribes	success	OF
1851-1859	United States	Washington tribes	success	OF
1852-1853	Argentina	rebellion in Buenos Aires	success	OF
1854-1856	China	rebellion	success	OF
1855-1856	United States	Sioux	success	OF
1855-1858	United States	Seminoles	success	OF
1855-1858	Nicaragua	Walker's invasion	success	OF
1855-1860	United States	“Bleeding Kansas”	success	OF
1857-1857	United States	Cheyenne	success	OF
1857-1858	United States	Mormons	success	OF
1858-1858	Uruguay	rebellion in Montevideo	success	OF
1858-1859	United States	Comanche	success	OF
1859-1859	United States	Brownists at Harper's Ferry	success	OF
1860-1860	Angola	rebellion in Kissembo	success	OF
1860-1861	Colombia	rebellion	success	OF
1861-1865	United States	confederate rebellion	success	OF
1861-1865	United States	Navajo	success	OF
1861-1886	United States	Apache	success	OF
1862-1864	United States	Sioux	success	OF
1863-1863	United States	draft riots	success	OF
1863-1864	United States	massive strikes	success	OF
1864-1864	United States	Sand Hill Massacre	success	OF
1865-1865	Panama	rebellion	success	OF
1865-1867	United States	Sioux	success	OF
1867-1867	Formosa	rebellion	success	OF
1867-1875	United States	Comanche	success	OF
1868-1868	Japan	rebellion	success	OF
1868-1868	United States	Washita/South Plains tribes	success	OF
1868-1868	Uruguay	rebellion	success	OF
1871-1871	Korea	rebellion	success	OF
1872-1873	United States	Modocs	success	OF
1874-1875	United States	Red River War	success	OF
1874-1874	United States	Kiowa	success	OF
1876-1877	United States	Sioux/Cheyenne	success	OF
1877-1877	United States	St Louis general strike, others	success	OF
1877-1877	United States	Nez Perce	success	OF
1878-1878	United States	Idaho tribes	success	OF
1878-1879	United States	Cheyenne	success	OF
1879-1880	United States	Ute	success	OF
1885-1885	United States	New York textile strikes	failure	OF
1886-1886	United States	massive strikes, Haymarket	success	OF
1888-1888	Korea	rebellion	success	OF
1888-1893	Hawaii	rebellion contra Dole	success	OF
1888-1889	Samoa	rebellion	success	OF
1890-1891	United States	Pine Ridge, Wounded Knee	success	OF
1891-1891	Haiti	Navassa uprising	success	OF
1891-1892	Chile	rebellion	success	OF
1892-1892	United States	Idaho miners	success	OF
1893-1894	United States	massive strikes	success	OF
1894-1894	Nicaragua	Bluefields unrest	success	OF
1894-1894	United States	Chicago rail/Pullman strikes	success	OF
1894-1895	Brazil	rebellion	success	OF
1894-1896	Korea	post Sino-Japanese war rebellion	success	OF
1896-1899	Nicaragua	rebellions	success	OF
1898-1900	United States	Chippewa at Leech Lake	success	OF
1898-1902	Philippines	nationalist resistance	success	OF
1899-1899	Samoa	Mataafa	success	OF
1899-1901	United States	Idaho miners	success	OF
1900-1941	China	Boxers, communists, etc	success	OF
1901-1901	United States	Creek uprising	success	OF
1901-1901	United States	Steel strikes	failure	OF
1901-1902	Colombia	rebellions	success	OF
1901-1913	Philippines	Moslem Moro rebellion	success	OF
1903-1903	Honduras	rebellion	success	OF
1903-1904	Dominican Republic	rebellion	success	OF
1904-1909	United States	Kentucky tobacco farmers	success	OF
1906-1909	Cuba	rebellion	success	OF
1907-1911	Honduras	leftists, Bonilla	success	OF
1909-1911	United States	NY/Triangle textile strikes	failure	OF
1911-1912	China	rebellions	success	OF
1912-1925	Nicaragua	leftists	success	OF
1913-1919	Mexico	various rebellions, Villa	failure	OF
1914-1914	United States	Ludlow Massacre	success	OF
1914-1924	Dominican Republic	various factions	success	OF
1915-1934	Haiti	Sam, etc	success	OF
1916-1917	United States	Arizona miners strike	success	OF
1917-1918	United States	IWW	success	CO
1917-1919	United States	Espionage Act trials	success	CO
1917-1922	Cuba	rebellions	success	OF
1918-1920	Panama	strikes, election protests, etc	success	OF
1919-1919	Honduras	rebellion	success	OF
1919-1920	United States	Palmer Raids	success	CO
1919-1920	Costa Rica	Tinoco, etc	success	CO
1919-1920	United States	Great Steel Strike, others	success	OF
1920-1921	United States	West Virginian miners	success	OF
1920-1928	United States	prison rebellions	success	OF
1920-1920	Guatemala	Unionists	success	OF
1922-1922	Turkey	Nationalists	success	OF
1922-1923	United States	massive strikes	success	OF
1924-1925	Honduras	rebellions	success	OF
1925-1925	Panama	general strike	success	OF
1926-1933	Nicaragua	Sandino, others	success	OF
1931-1932	El Salvador	Marti	success	OF
1932-1932	United States	DC Bonus Strikers	success	OF
1933-1933	Cuba	rebellion	success	OF
1935-1935	Philippines	Sakdal Uprising	success	OF
1938-1957	United States	leftists: HUAC, McCarthyism	success	CO
1943-1946	United States	unprecedented strikes	success	OF
1944-1951	Greece	EAM/ELAS/KKE	success	CO
1945-1949	China	maoism	failure	OF
1945-1954	Vietnam	Viet Minh	failure	CO
1946-1947	S. Korea	mass resistance to US military rule	success	OF
1947-1950	Turkey	TKP	success	CO
1948-1948	S. Korea	democratic resistance	success	OF
1948-1954	Philippines	Huks	success	CO
1950-1951	United States	Puerto Rican independence	success	OF
1950-1953	United States	many prison rebellions	success	OF
1952-1975	Japan	general anti-US protests	success	OF
1952-1957	Japan	protestors in Okinawa	success	OF
1953-1963	Syria	ASRP/Baathists	failure	CO
1954-1962	Algeria	FLN	failure	CO
1956-1971	United States	Cointelpro-CPUSA	success	CO
1956-1975	South Vietnam	NLF	failure	OF
1957-1959	Lebanon	leftists	success	OF
1957-1958	Jordan	leftists/anti-monarchists	success	OF
1959-1960	Haiti	rebels contra Duvalier	success	OF
1960-1971	United States	Cointelpro-Puertorriquenos	success	CO
1960-1966	Peru	leftist rebels/PCP	success	CO
1960-1963	Venezuela	FALN; leftist	success	CO
1962-1969	United States	Cointelpro-SWP	success	CO
1963-1965	El Salvador	various rebels	success	CO
1964-1964	Panama	Canal activists	success	OF
1965-1968	United States	mass urban race riots	failure	OF
1965-1966	Dominican Republic	Bosch supporters	success	OF
1965-1966	Indonesia	PKI	success	CO
1965-2000	East Timor	independence movement	failure	CO
1966-1973	United States	massive antiwar protest	failure	OF
1966-2002	Colombia	FARC/ELN	success	CO
1966-1988	Namibia	SWAPO	failure	CO
1966-1967	Guatemala	leftists	success	CO
1967-1971	United States	Cointelpro-SCLC, BPP, CORE, etc	failure	CO
1967-1967	United States	Detroit black workers	success	OF
1967-1971	Uruguay	Tupamaros	success	CO
1967-1968	United States	San Quentin prison rebellions	success	OF
1967-1969	Japan	protestors in Okinawa	success	OF
1968-1969	United States	MLK assassination riots	success	OF
1968-1971	United States	Cointelpro-SDS	success	CO
1969-1970	United States	IAT at Alcatraz	success	OF
1969-1970	Oman	Dhufar Rebellion	success	CO
1969-2002	Philippines	maoism	success	CO
1970-1970	United States	several prison rebellions	success	OF
1970-1970	United States	campus uprisings: KSU, etc	success	OF
1970-1970	Jordan	Palestinian resistance	success	CO
1970-1972	Bangladesh	independence movement	failure	CO
1970-1972	Trinidad	rebellions	success	OF
1971-1971	United States	post-Jackson murder prison riots	success	OF
1972-1973	Nicaragua	Sandinistas	success	OF
1973-1973	United States	Lakota at Wounded Knee	success	OF
1973-1976	United States	Cointelpro-AIM	success	CO
1974-2002	Israel	PLO	success	CO
1974-2002	Turkey	PKK	success	CO
1977-1978	United States	coal miners	failure	OF
1980-2002	Peru	MRTA/Shining Path	success	CO
1981-1992	El Salvador	FMLN, etc	success	CO
1981-1990	Honduras	PCH, FPR, etc	success	CO
1981-1981	United States	air controllers strike	success	OF
1982-1983	Morocco	MOL	success	CO
1982-1984	Lebanon	leftist & Moslem resistance	failure	OF
1986-1990	Bolivia	peasants	success	OF
1989-1989	St. Croix	Black rebellion	success	OF
1992-1992	United States	LA uprising	success	OF
1994-2002	Mexico	EZLN/Zapatistas	success	CO
1995-1998	Japan	protestors in Okinawa	success	OF
1996-2002	Nepal	CPN	success	CO

10. US as “isolationist” pre-1941?

hahahahaha! DoS-confessed conflicts & interventions up to WW2 (NB other unconfessed exist – tracking them is the tricky part).

Contra major European powers
France	1798-1800, 1806-10
Germany	1917-18, 1941-45
Great Britain	1775-1783, 1812-1815
Spain [and colonies]	1806-10, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1816-18, 1898
USSR	1918-22
Contra minor powers, colonies, marginal states, non-European major powers
Abyssina	1903-4
“Africa” [west coast]	1820-23, 1843 [allegedly contra “slave trade”]
Amelia Is.	1812, 1817
Algeria/Algiers	1815 [the 2nd Barbary War]
Angola	1860
Argentina	1833, 1852-3, 1890
“Bering Sea”	1891 [contra alleged “seal poaching” LOL]
Brazil	1894
“Caribbean”	1814-25 [contra alleged “piracy”]
Chile	1891
China	1843, 1854-6, 1859, 1866, 1894-5, 1898-9, 1900, 1911, 1912-41
Colombia	1868, 1873, 1895, 1902
Costa Rica	1921
Cuba	1822-25, 1906-9, 1912, 1917-22, 1933
Dominican Republic	1799, 1903-4, 1914
Egypt	1882
Falklands	1831-2
Fiji	1840, 1855, 1858 [the most curious in the bunch, IMHO]
Formosa	1867
Greece	1827
Greenland	1941 [“defense” agreement]
Guatemala	1920
Haiti	1888, 1891, 1914, 1915-34
Hawaii	1870, 1874, 1893
Honduras	1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924-5
Iceland	1941 [“defense” agreement]
Italy	1941-43
Japan	1853-4, 1863, 1868, 1941-45
Johanna Is.	1851
Kingsmills Is.	1841
Korea	1871, 1888, 1889, 1894-6, 1904-5
Libya/Tripoli	1801-1805, 1815 [the 1st and 3rd Barbary Wars]
Marquesa Is.	1813-4
Mexico	1806, 1836, 1842, 1844, 1846-8, 1859, 1866, 1870, 1873, 1876, 1913-9
Morocco	1904
Nicaragua	1853, 1854, 1857, 1869, 1894, 1896, 1898-9, 1910, 1912-25, 1926-33
Panama	[Colo] 1856, 1860, 1865, 1885, 1901, [indep] 1903-14, 1918-21, 1925
Paraguay	1859
Peru	1835-6
Philippines	1899-1901
Puerto Rico	1824, 1899
Samoa	1841, 1888-9, 1899
Smyrna	1849
Sumatra	1832, 1838-9
Surinam	1941
Turkey	1851, 1858-9, 1912, 1917-8, 1919, 1922
Uruguay	1855, 1858, 1868
Yugoslavia	1919

Scanning the official public acknowledgment list here, we clearly see that the US had extreme paranoia about China, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama: Open Doors, “uncooperative” neighbors, and two potential canal zones. Also, check the rationale in the official Defense Dept. record for each of the above conflict dates. Many, many times, we have the “to protect US interests [or “nationals”] during a crisis” as the proposed justification. Caveat lector.

11. Noteworthy Covert Operations conducted by the United States.

We should keep in mind that the dates given are the confessed dates of operation. In no way does this account for programs that continued to run after they were officially terminated, nor does it reckon with the same practices under different names – or no names at all. It should go without saying that this isn't a complete listing.

Overcast	1945-46	OSS rescuing Nazi military scientists for US use
Crowcass	1945-48	locating thousands of Nazis for later use
Paperclip	1946-1954	continuation and expansion of Overcast
Mockingbird	1947-2002	CIA control of mass media
Bloodstone	1948-50	infiltrating fascists into the USSR
Gladio	1949-90	terrorist actions to discredit the left; assassination, etc.
MK-Ultra	1953-1963	CIA experiments with LSD, etc on non-volunteers
Cointelpro	1956-71	FBI destabilization of CP, AIM, SDS, civil rights, etc.
Celeste	1960-61	CIA assassination of UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold
Mongoose	1961-63	assassinating Castro
Merrimac	1967-68	CIA surveillance of DC
Resistance	1967-68	CIA spying on US student movements
Chaos	1968-1974	CIA domestic espionage on students, activists, etc
Garden Plot	1968-2002	DoD plans for mass repression/concentration camps
Grillflame	1971-1991	CIA “ESP troopers” i.e. over-horizon radar
Echelon	1972-2002	NSA electronic surveillance of all communication
Condor	1975-1977	Security arrangement in S. America to kill leftists
Cyclone	1979-2002	funding violent Islamic fundamentalist groups
Promis	1981-2002	CIA, etc surveillance of financial transactions
JCET	1991-2002	“foreign internal defense” training programs
Roots	1993-1999	CIA sows fascistic propaganda in Yugoslavia
Storm	1995	ethnic cleansing of Serbs from Krajina
Carnivore	1999-2002	FBI surveillance of www posts, listservs, etc
Magic Lantern	2001-2002	FBI surveillance of PC keystrokes.
Tips	2002-	DoJ civilian informants and denunciations

12. Prominent Front Organizations

used to advance US imperialist interests:

Adolph Coors Foundation	rightist propaganda slush-fund
AFL-CIO	CIA controlled labor organization
African American Institute	CIA front group
American Council for International Commission of Jurists	CIA front
American Enterprise Foundation	rightist think-tank
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees	CIA front
American Foreign Policy Council	rightist think-tank
American Friends of the Middle East	CIA front group
American Newspaper Guild	CIA front group
American Society of African Culture	CIA front group
Brookings Institution	rightist think-tank
CANF	anti-Castro lobbyist
Cato Institute	rightist think-tank
Carnegie Endowment	rightist think-tank
Center for Security Policy	rightist think-tank
Center for Strategic and International Studies	rightist think-tank
Competitive Enterprise Institute	rightist think-tank
Ethics and Public Policy Center	rightist think-tank
Ford Foundation	CIA front group
Freedom Forum	rightist think-tank
Fund for International Social and Economic Education	CIA front group
Heritage Foundation	rightist think-tank
Hoover Institution	rightist think-tank
Hudson Institute	rightist think-tank
Institute for Historical Review	neo-fascist lobbyist; Holocaust denier
Institute for International Economics	rightist think-tank
Institute for International Labor Research	CIA front group
International Development Foundation	CIA front group
International Institute for Strategic Studies	rightist think-tank
John Birch Society	virulent anti-communist publicist
John M. Olin Foundation	rightist propaganda slush-fund
Koch Family Foundations	rightist propaganda slush-fund
Liberty Lobby	neo-fascist agitprop
Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation	rightist propaganda slush-fund
Manhattan Institute	rightist think-tank
National Education Association	CIA front group
National Endowment for Democracy	CIA front group
National Student Association	CIA front group
Progress and Freedom Foundation	rightist think-tank
Progressive Policy Institute	rightist think-tank
RAND Corporation	rightist think-tank
Reason Foundation	rightist think-tank
Scaife Family Foundations	rightist propaganda slush-fund
Smith Richardson Foundation	rightist propaganda slush-fund
Soros Foundation	CIA front group
USAID	official humanitarian front used to control food politics
USIA	primary disseminator of official “white propaganda”
Voice of America	CIA-controlled radio

13. “Low intensity wars” conducted by the United States

and its proxies (“medium intensity warfare” = direct and usually acknowledged involvement of US military apparatus; “high intensity warfare” = Dr. Strangelove stuff: “nuclear combat toe-to-toe with the Russkies,” &c). 

The primary goal of low intensity conflict is to use proxies, intelligence, and special forces to destabilize a region and its official government. The purpose of destabilization is to achieve 1) access to resources amidst the chaos, 2) delegitimation of an “enemy” political/economic system, 3) influence over specific local groups, and 4) depopulation of regions inhabited by “untermenschen.” 

All leftists should learn about low intensity warfare; it is by far and away one of the most disgusting and useful tools in the imperialist repertoire. Don't let the words “low intensity” trick you: rivers are dammed with corpses and the fields are sown with the blood of the targeted nation.

• 1950s: Poland; Ukraine; Russia, China; Thailand; Burma
• 1960s: Congo; Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia; Thailand; Burma
• 1970s: Congo; Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia
• 1980s: Congo; Cambodia; Nicaragua; Afghanistan; Mozambique; Angola; Ethiopia; Yemen; Western Sahara
• 1990s: Congo; Cambodia; Afghanistan; Yugoslavia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Guinea-Bissau; Colombia; Liberia; Sudan; Central African Republic; Equatorial Guinea

14. Proxy Wars fought by the United States

which typically involves the use of clients, dupes, mercenaries, unofficial “volunteers,” and official, though disavowable, special forces. [under construction]

• contra Soviet Union: stock-in-trade Cold War superpower jousting
• contra France: after the Soviet Union ended all activities in Africa, the US began its bid to force French proxies out of North Africa.
• contra Germany: during the 1990s, Germany and the US used multiple proxies to fight over control of the Balkans, with its precious “Corridor 8,” thereby ruining the entire region.
• contra China: from Cold War crimes to New World Order harassment, the US has used many proxies against the Chinese: Thai, Tibetan, Burmese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Islamic, Taiwanese.

15. Foreign policy doctrines

more or less practiced by the United States.

Monroe Doctrine	western hemisphere = US property; non-whites = untermenschen
McKinley Doctrine	Open Door Policy i.e., China, Pacific = potentially, possibly, most likely US property; non-whites = untermenschen
Roosevelt Corollary	western hemisphere = US property, and we mean it this time! non-whites = untermenschen
Taft Doctrine	Dollar Diplomacy i.e., western hemisphere = US property, and we mean economically, politically, and all other ways; the Middle East = potentially, possibly, most likely, US property
Wilson Doctrine	14 Points internationalism (i.e., great powers should respect each other; to hell with the rest); western hemisphere = US property, and we really mean it this time! non-whites = untermenschen
Roosevelt Doctrine	“Good Neighbor Policy!” i.e., western hemisphere = US property, and we really really really fucking mean it.
Truman Doctrine	aid to fascists in Greece, Turkey, the Philippines, Korea, Vietnam, western Europe, Eastern Europe, North Africa, etc. i.e., what Kennan called “Containment.”
Eisenhower Doctrine	the Middle East = US property; non-whites = untermenschen; massive retaliation
Nixon Doctrine	enter neocolonialism: overthrowing governments, installing clients, using local elites to manage foreign populations for US advantage i.e., Asia, Africa, western hemisphere = US property, but we're gonna try to be sneaky about it. Overall, see above.
Carter Doctrine	the Middle East = US property, and we aren't kidding; trilateralism
Reagan Doctrine	“Rollback”; mutually assured destruction; low intensity warfare; support for rightwing Islamist groups, narcotics smuggling, etc.
Bush I Doctrine	New World Order; “What we say, goes.”
Clinton Doctrine	New World Order; “multilaterally if we can, unilaterally when we must.”
Bush II Doctrine	New World Order; “unilaterally when we can, multilaterally if we must.”

16. Noteworthy propaganda campaigns, hoaxes, and other lies qua casus belli

utilized by the United States:

• It is well known that German Fascists transformed their buffoonish leader, Hitler, from a national joke into der Fuhrer die Reich by means of a) securing moneys from large industrialists and financiers (they liked his extremely rightwing ideas on race, labor, religion, nationalism, capitalism, imperialism, etc) and b) by using multiple propaganda hoaxes in order to sway domestic opinion. 
• The Reichstag fire in 1933 allowed for Hitler to be proclaimed leader of the state as well as for the Night of the Long Knives the following year (violence against leftists) and all of the anti-jewish bullshit that came soon after. As we all know, the Reichstag was burned by fascist thugs and blamed on communists; they even got a disabled Dutch guy to “admit” to both arson and communism – smoking gun! woohoo!
• In 1938, the Nazis claimed that they needed to perform a “humanitarian intervention” in the Sudetenland (in the modern Czech Republic) in order to stop “ethnic violence.” Of course, it was Nazi thugs carrying out the “ethnic violence” in the first place, but never mind that small detail.
• In 1939, the fascists contrived Operation Canned Goods – a faked attack on a German border patrol, which was allegedly a surprise massacre, carried out by Polish military personnel. Evil Slavic Untermenschen Evildoer Terrorists! Too bad, however, that we now know those corpses in German uniform shown on Nazi TV to be dead Poles, kidnapped and murdered; the German public, though, went insane with jingoism, calling for invasions and genocide.
• As we shall see, this is a technique learned by the Nazis from the masters of such things in the US (Hitler credited the development of the “Final Solution” to his study of US treatment of Native Americans), and something that was then perfected by the US after it recovered and reconciled with its mad dog Nazi assets during the Cold War. 
• The overall pattern is using irrelevant, misinterpreted, or completely fabricated events in order to convince all of the clarences (who had nothing to gain from militarism, but who were susceptible to jingoism, racism, ethnocentrism) that…war is a great fucking idea! N.B. that many of these propaganda hoaxes seem to be more effective now than they were when first produced. Also N.B., these are the times that the state was forced, for whatever reasons, to consult with the public – either Congress or the people. Most US crimes are committed without recourse to either, or with only a general, vague acknowledgement: “Oh, that CIA is just protecting Freedom from Evil! We can't tell you what they're doing specifically, because that would compromise them to the Forces of Darkness!”
• 1775 – Britain: so it begins, and the story runs that Evildoer British imperialists took away Our Liberty, &c.; produced Evil Boston Massacres, Stamp Acts, Massachusetts Uprisings; and tried to import tea. While the British were certainly imperialistic, and tea is the mark of the ruling class in colonial times, we should take heed that the first offensive of the American War for Independence was a colonial invasion of Quebec. Huh? You mean, before they even signed the Declaration, the proto-United States was invading other countries? You bet. What's at stake here is the Proclamation Line and the Quebec Act, both of which prevented the fledgling colonies from expanding. And be sure to recall that during the next US war, a conquest of Canada would again be attempted.
• 1812 – Britain: ah…tales of “naval impressments.” Too bad that this narrative, of war caused by US sailors being conscripted, like slaves, into the British privateering fleet, is a lie; too bad that the landowners all across the infant US wanted the British, French, Spanish, and natives off the continent so they could expand their holdings, import more slaves, and thereby make more money; too bad that plans for such expansion existed way before the declaration of hostilities. The keys here are Florida, the Caribbean, and the western frontier.
• 1846 – Mexico: the US is forced to retaliate against the Mexicans, since Mexican troops ruthlessly attacked US regiments, who just happened to be occupying slave-owning Texas. Why would the Evildoers in Mexico do that? Not, I hope, because Texas was part of Mexico? Not, I fear, because Mexicans were anti-slavery (abolished since 1829)? Not, I believe, because the US had aggressively assaulted Mexico multiple times already, including the original secessionist agitation in Texas? No, none of that matters; they're just Evil.
• 1898 – Spain: the “Remember the Maine!” incident as well as Hearst newspapers proclaiming that Cuba needed a “humanitarian intervention” – both obvious lies – help sway people in the US to genocidal furor. Enter Empire, the subjugation of the people of Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, and the Philippine genocide.
• 1917 – Central Powers: the Lusitania incident and the Zimmerman Telegram fire up US war fervor; too bad the Wilson administration provoked the Germans by aiding the British under a flag of “neutrality,” generated tons of anti-German racialist BS, and managed to invade every country in the Caribbean, including Mexico several times. Also, we needn't forget that the Wilsonian declaration of War was timed perfectly with Lenin's “April Theses.” All in the name of “protecting democracy,” from Evildoers, no doubt! An honest student of history will note that it's more like “protecting certain segments of Kapital from others, whilst destroying genuine democratic resistance.”
• 1918 – USSR: “Communists eat babies!” “Bolsheviks seek to conquer world!' “International Jewry grabs power in Russia!” “Reds to start war in India next!” “Socialism and incest: partners in Sin!” So ran the newspapers, every day, in every city, after Czarist absolutism was broken by popular resistance, no thanks to the US. Wilson's administration used such imbecilic pretenses in a failed attempt to “strangle bolshevism in its cradle,” as one imperialist from a different genocidal nation put it. Of course, the real motives behind western intervention weren't mentioned: Capital Capital Capital Capital.
• 1941 – Axis Powers: the Pearl Harbor attack was known in advance, no matter how “sudden” or how much “infamy” Roosevelt would later claim for it. N.B. FDR's well-planned provocation strategy to ensure that Japan would attack the US, thus allowing the US to dictate terms to the rest of the world, which would be destroyed by war's end. N.B. that the overrated Operation Overlord was delayed just long enough for the Soviet Union to be shattered by Kapital's mad dog Hitler, but just timely enough to prevent the Soviets from taking out all of the fascists in Europe, from the Volga to Gibraltar.
• 1945 – Japan: event – nukes; propaganda lie – “saving Japanese and American lives”; bitter truth – self-serving genocide and terrorism to intimidate Stalin. Only assholes can believe the US story here.
• 1950 – DPRK: despite claims that “the Totalitarian North ruthlessly invaded the Free South,” it looks as though a communist North reacted to a long series of provocations carried out by a fascistic South, which included border skirmishes, coordinated raids, and artillery battery. But who cares? America to the rescue! Of fascism!
• 1952 – East Germany: despite Soviet attempts to get out of Berlin, requiring only assurances from the US that Germany would be a) democratic, b) demilitarized, c) united, and d) neutral, the US insisted on the precarious, ignorant status quo, obviously preferring it to the just Soviet proposal. Up, then, went the Berlin Wall in 1961, which was called an act of tyranny by moronic US commentators, but was intended by the Soviet Union to keep fascists, CIA operatives, saboteurs, assassins, and other agents of Kapital away. This event is largely responsible for much escalation of the Cold War during 50s, which would predictably and wrongly be blamed on the USSR.
• 1953 – Iran: Commies are gonna get us! Or so it was said by flag-waving retards. The unfortunate truth: a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own resources for its own benefit. The US disagreed with Mossadegh.
• 1954 – Guatemala: Commies are gonna get us! Or so it was said by flag-waving retards. The unfortunate truth: a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own resources for its own benefit. The US disagreed with Arbenz.
• 1964 – Vietnam: the USS Maddox got hit by some lightning, but LBJ thought it'd be a good idea to bow before the banking cartels, the Seven Sisters, the Pentagon, and crusty McCarthyoids, thereby inventing the notion that the (repeat the old script) Red North ruthlessly invaded the Free South – or, at least they ruthlessly attacked an innocent US naval vessel in international waters. Turns out that there was no attack, that the ship was in Hanoi's waters, and was not-at-all-innocently deploying special forces and other anti-communist swine into the North for the normal roster of Kapitalist Karnage. 
• 1973 – Chile: Commies are gonna get us! Or so it was said by flag-waving retards. The unfortunate truth: a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own resources for its own benefit. The US disagreed with Allende.
• 1981 – Nicaragua: Commies are gonna get us! Or so it was said by flag-waving retards. The unfortunate truth: a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own resources for its own benefit. The US disagreed with Ortega.
• 1983 – Grenada: Commies are gonna get us! Or so it was said by flag-waving retards. The unfortunate truth: a democratic regime thought it was allowed to use its own resources for its own benefit. The US disagreed with Bishop.
• 1986 – Libya: Evil Terrorist Nation! Quit doing Terrorist things! We will bomb you! Turns out that the Libyans weren't responsible, after all, for the acts of “terror” of which they'd been accused. Hmm…a high publicity bombing mission right in the middle of the Iran-Contra Affair? What a coincidence! And at a time when Gorbachev was making peaceful overtures and the US was in danger of having no enemies? Amazingly coincidental!
• 1989 – Panama: They said that Noriega was an Evildoer Drugdealer! You must go Evil Doper! USA All The Way! Humanitarian Intervention! We should mention that Noriega was attempting to institute some democratic reforms and social services, had been a CIA asset, and largely oversaw US drug smuggling – and could document his and US involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair. But why trouble anyone with the facts? Especially the fact that the true meaning of the words “Operation Just Cause” is that US Delta Force teams secretly attacked US Army units so that the US could claim “Panamanian terrorists are shooting us!” 
• 1991 – Kuwait: the famous “dead babies” hoax, which was revealed to be a lie. Other tidbits: Kuwait had provoked Iraq in numerous ways; Iraq got approval from its imperial master, the US, before invading; Bush had personal investments in the region; and US strategy had long called for a way to control the Gulf States directly. With the USSR gone and the Kuwait-Iraq border dispute, the US now had both pretext and opportunity.
• 1992 – Bosnia: never mind all of the dead Serbs. Instead, check out this photo! The Evil Serb Evildoers have Evilly put some guy in a concentration camp at Trnopolje! Look at the barbed wire! Look at how starved he is! Oh…wait a minute…looks like that the barbed wire is around someone's shed, that the photographer is in the shed, that the starving guy is a refugee on the outside of the barbed fence, that the headline “Belsen 92” is a lie, that there were no concentration camps, and that the entire series of US operations in the early 1990s were resurrected Nazi policies on Yugoslavia, which still maintained some socialistic economic policies. Well, I'll be damned: another “humanitarian intervention” for Kapitalism.
• 1993 – Somalia: Yet another “Humanitarian intervention!” Thing is, the famine was nearly over, the US wasn't anywhere near where it had been, the Somalis already hated the US for thrusting Barre on them, and the US was only there now for 1) oil prospecting, 2) uranium mining, 3) military basing, 4) public relations, and 5) a “paid advertisement” for the Pentagon, in Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Colin Powell's cynical phrase..
• 1998 – Sudan: Evil terrorists are making VX nerve gas in that big factory! Tomahawk it! Turns out, though, that the plant manufactured antibiotics for half the country. Given that the Sudan was in the midst of a disease crisis, the destruction of their medical infrastructure only served to exacerbate the problem. How many died as a result? Who knows – the US, as is typical, doesn't care to investigate, apologize, or acknowledge.
• 1999 – Kosovo: “Humanitarian intervention!” Now for something completely different. Racak, Srebrenica, Izbica, Trepca – all more complicated than they seem, as according to numerous international organizations, the FBI, and so on. Ethnic cleansing? Only if we are talking about the cleansing of Serbs by NATO. And the banner hoax here: the “Serbian MIG,” allegedly attacking civilians, is revealed as a fraud in state-press photos, which obviously display English writing on the alleged fuselage. 
• 2001 – Afghanistan: Evil Terrorists got us! We will get them back! Of course, the true story is much more complicated, involving US complicity, deception, and strategic planning at all levels, as noted in the recent historical record (cf. “the complete 9/11 timeline”). 
• 2002 – Iraq?: Evil! Smite Evil! Get oil! Did I say oil? I meant that Evildoer tried to kill my daddy! One excellent hoax, besides the manufactured general “threat” rhetoric, is the alleged 15 kg of “weapons-grade uranium” recovered in Turkey in mid 2002, allegedly bound for Iraq from “Eastern Europe.” Too bad that this “weapons-grade uranium” has “Made in West Germany” written on it – in English.

Bibliography

• Agee, P. Inside the Company: CIA Diary. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975.
• Ali, T., ed. Masters of the Universe? London: Verso, 2000.
• Ali, T. The Clash of Fundamentalisms. London: Verso, 2002.
• Blum, W. Killing Hope. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 1995.
• Blum, W. Rogue State. Monroe: Common Courage, 2000.
• Blum, W. West-Bloc Dissident. New York: Soft Skull Press, 2002.
• Brisard, J. & Dasquie, G. Forbidden Truth. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002.
• Caldicott, H. The New Nuclear Danger. New York: The New Press, 2002.
• Callinicos, A. Against the Third Way. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
• Callinicos, A. Race and Class. London: Bookmarks, 1998.
• Catalinotto, J. & Flounders, S., eds. Hidden Agenda: US/NATO Takeover of Yugoslavia. New York: International Action Center, 2002.
• Chomsky, N. 9-11. New York: Seven Stories, 2001.
• Chomsky, N. Deterring Democracy. New York: Hill and Wang, 1992.
• Chomsky, N. Profit Over People. New York: Seven Stories, 1999.
• Chomsky, N. Rogue States. Cambridge: South End Press, 2000.
• Chomsky, N & Herman, E. Manufacturing Consent. New York: Pantheon, 2002.
• Churchill, W. A Little Matter of Genocide. San Francisco: City Lights Press, 1997.
• Churchill, W. & Wall, J., eds. The Cointelpro Papers. Boston: South End, 1990.
• Chussodovsky, M. War and Globalization. Shanty Bay: Global Outlook, 2002.
• Clark, R., et al., eds. NATO in the Balkans. New York: International Action Center, 1998.
• Collier, J. & Collier, K. Votescam: The Stealing of America. New York: Victoria House Press, 1996.
• Danaher, K., ed. 50 Years is Enough: The Case against the WB and the IMF. Boston: South End Press, 1994.
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• Gerson, J. & Birchard, B. The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases. Boston: South End Press, 1991.
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• Irons, P. A People's History of the Supreme Court. New York: Penguin, 1999.
• Johnson, C. Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2000.
• Kaye, H. Why Do Ruling Classes Fear History? New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1997.
• Lane, M. Plausible Denial. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991.
• Lemkin, R. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington DC: Carnegie Institute, 1944.
• Lewis, B. Islam in History. Chicago: Open Court, 1993.
• Loewen, J. Lies My Teacher Told Me. New York: Touchstone, 1995.
• Marchetti, V. & Marks, J. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. New York: Dell Publishing, 1974.
• McGehee, R. Deadly Deceits: My 25 Years with the CIA. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999.
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• Zinn, H. The Zinn Reader. New York: Seven Stories Press, 1997.

Useful Periodicals

• Covert Action Quarterly
• Dissent
• Extra!
• Guardian
• Independent
• International Socialist Review
• Monthly Review
• The Nation
• New Left Review
• New Politics
• Observer
• Race Traitor
• Socialist Review
• Z

Relevant Hyperlinks

US interventions, geostrategy, and other crimes:

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• CovertAction Quarterly
• Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II
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• Over a Century of U.S. Military Interventions
• The History Guy: The War List
• Use of United States Forces Abroad
• CDI - Center for Defense Information - Security Policy Research Organization
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• Security Consulting Intelligence Agency - Strategic Forecasting
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• opensecrets.org - Money in politics data
•  USA : 1895-2000 [PDF]
• America's covert operations in the Great Lakes Region
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• Michel Chossudovsky, The causes of global famine
• The Dictators
• U.S. Foreign Policy Failures
• KryssTal : Why The USA?
• Results of the Hearings on CIA misdeeds, 1973 Church Committee. NCOIC
• CIA on Campus
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global finance:

• The Development Group for Alternative Policies
• The Whirled Bank Group
• Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
• Bilderberg - The High Priests of Globalisation- Secret conduit for elite power in Europe
• IMF - International Monetary Fund Home Page
• The World Bank
• WTO | Welcome to the WTO website
• inequality.org
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• Structural Adjustment Programs
• oneworld.net
• IMF/ World Bank Struggles
• Bretton Woods Project

general history and current global affairs:

• Documents Related to the Cold War
• Róbinson Rojas.- Data on countries.
• The Acts of the Democracies
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• World Statesmen.org
• WorldHistory.com
• World Gazetteer
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• Histories of the World
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• This is... history page
• onwar.com - Military History Research
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• Amnesty International - Working To Protect Human Rights Worldwide
• A Curriculum of United States Labor History for Teachers
• When to Jump In: The World's Other Wars
• Global Africa
• World History Archives
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• Clamor Magazine :: your DIY guide to everyday revolution
• The History of the Development of AIDS
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• International Action Center homepage
• Global Citizens for Change makes links between global education and international development.
• Anti-Imperialist News Service
• Dictator Watch
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• World History Compass Home Page

alternative media:

• Indy Media
• An alternative view to the mainstream media, Human rights; Social and economic justice; Foreign policy; Corporations; Media control, Travel in Africa, Asia and Latin America
• World Socialist Web Site
• LabourStart: Where trade unionists start their day on the net.
• From The Wilderness Publications Home Page
• Green Left Weekly
• George Draffan - Endgame Research - Public Information Network
• The journalism and films of John Pilger
• WhatReallyHappened.com
• Humor Is Dead
• Global Exchange - Building People-to-People Ties
• ZNet
• Protest.Net: WTO Protests Around The World
• Center for an Informed America
• Jon Rapporport - No More Fake News - Welcome
• WorkingForChange
• information war homepage
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• Propaganda Matrix
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• American Politics Journal
• Al Martin Raw: Political, Economic & Financial Intelligence
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• The Writings of Greg Palast
• Center for Media and Democracy
• Bush Watch Home
• AlterNet: Home
• World War 4 Report | Deconstructing the War on Terrorism
• Antiwar.com
• New Left Review 15
• Monthly Review